Instructional resources such as text book, work book, hand book, source book, cartoons, animations videos, you tube resources and film clippings
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INTRODUCTION
Instructional resources are defined as anything which is read, listened to, manipulated, observed or experienced by students as part of the instructional process. Resources may be consumable or non-consumable, and may vary greatly in the kind of student response they stimulate. Instructional resources include, but are not limited to, textbooks, teacher manuals, kits, games, computer software, apparatus, media collection of library books, films, filmstrips, periodicals, posters, charts, speakers (from inside or outside the school district), photographs, records, audio and video tapes, compact discs, CD-ROMs, slides, microfilms, online databases and other resources, selected Internet sites and other print and non-print resources.
Materials related to the selection of students for certain programs or services or related to student eligibility data are not considered to be instructional resources. These materials include, but are not limited to, teacher’s grade books, student records and standardized tests.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
Instructional materials" are defined as a variety of materials in any format which influence the student's learning and the instructor's teaching. They include, but are not limited to, textbooks, library books, periodicals, pamphiets, art prints, study prints, pictures, transparencies, films, filmstrips, slides, videocassettes, videodiscs, audio cassettes, sound recordings, compact discs, computer software, CD-ROMS, and electronic resources. Following are the different types of Instructional Resources.
1. Text Book :
One of the most useful tools an instructor possesses is the textbook. A textbook is an organized, physical manual for instruction covering a variety of topics a specific subject area. Typically, professors specify textbooks for their courses, and students purchase them for use.
2. Work Book :
Workbooks are often used in schools for younger students, either in middle school or elementary school. They are favored because students can work directly in their books, eliminating the need for looseleaf and copying questions from a textbook. In industry, they may be customized interactive manuals which are used to help provide structure to an otherwise complex problem. Workbooks also hold an advantage because they are usually smaller and lighter than textbooks, which equates to less trouble when the student brings the book home to complete their homework.
The term workbook is also used to describe other compilations of questions that require the reader to complete scratch-work when dealing with higher-level mathematics. It can also be used as a training tool for certain job positions. More recently, electronic workbooks have permitted interactive and customized learning. Such workbooks may be used on computers, laptops, PDA's, and may be web-based....
3. Hand Book :
A handbook is a type of reference work, or other collection of instructions, that is intended to provide ready reference. A handbook is a treatise on a special subject. Nowadays it is often a simple but all-embracing treatment, containing concise information and being small enough to be held in the hand. A handbook is sometimes referred to as a vade mecum (Latin, "go with me") or pocket reference that is intended to be carried at all times. It may also be referred to as an enchiridion. Handbooks may deal with any topic, and are generally compendiums of information in a particular field or about a particular technique. They are designed to be easily consulted and provide quick answers in a certain area.
4. Sourcebook :
A collection of writings and articles on a particular subject, especially one used as a basic introduction to that subject. A collection of teaching materials including activities, games, exercises, handouts and worksheets that deal with interpersonal communication skills, relationships, conflict resolution and public speaking
5. Cartoons :
A cartoon is a form of two-dimensional illustrated visual art. While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humour, or to the artistic style of such works. An artist who creates cartoons is called cartoonist. The term originated in the middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, and in the early 20th century and onward it referred to comic strips and animated films.
6. Animations videos:
Animation is the process of creating a continuous motion and shape change illusion by means of the rapid display of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon. Animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation.
Animations can be recorded on either analogue media, such as a flip book, motion picture film, video tape, or on digital media, including formats such as animated GIF, Flash animation or digital video. To display it, a digital camera, computer, or projector are used. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, such as paper cut outs, puppets and clay figures. Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24, 25, 30, or 60 frames per second.
7. YouTube Resources :
YouTube is a video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005 and has been owned by Google since late 2006. The site allows users to upload, view, and share videos, and it makes use of Adobe Flash Video and HTML5 technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.
8. Film Clippings:
Film clipping is a movie or film whose primary purpose is to educate. Educational films have been used in classrooms as an alternative to other teaching methods. Many educational films shown in schools are part of long series - for example, films demonstrating scientific principles and experiments tend to be episodic, with each episode devoted to a specific experiment or principle.
CONCLUSION
Instructional Materials as the name suggests, are materials of visual, audio and audio - visual category that helps to make concepts abstracts and ideas concrete in the teaching/learning process. They are also materials which the teacher uses in supplementing his teachings. Instructional Materials include materials used to facilitate learning for better results. Likewise, it is the use of the chalkboard, charts, models, overhead projectors, films, television and computers in teaching process. Hence, it is not just the' use of tools of technology alone but a systematic, integrated organization of machines hard ware’s and soft ware’s and man, teachers etc. to the solution of problems in education. In order to ensure an effective teaching learning process, it is important for the teacher to be thoroughly acquainted with the teaching resources and services available to him. The components of instructional materials available to teachers and students are in large numbers and also vary according to the functions of each of them. Pictures (motion and still) graphics, maps, radio - recording and play back and the equipments used to get some of these utilized can be regarded as the components of Audio Visual Aids, or Instructional Aids. Examples of instructional materials are charts, maps, diagrams, comics, models, globes, slides, film strips, television, radio cassettes, video, recorders, cinema, public address system, laboratories and museums, flash Cards, flannel boards, card boards, Calendar, Computers, etc.
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